Evaluate the impact of the internet on business Essay

Assess the effect of the web on business - Essay Example Web alone has had the option to change the showcasing methodologies of a few organizations and online life is one web outlet that has truly contributed intensely towards the advancement of new promoting exercises. Electronic business which is regularly titled as e-business is a term used to allude to the tremendous scope of business tasks that are directed on the web and these exercises happen between partners of a business that are situated inside and outside the association (Columbus, 2000, p.240). One of the primary associations to characterize the idea of e-business was IBM. They expressed that e-business is the modification of huge business tasks with the usage of web (Garbade, 2011, p.20). The term is even used to allude to sort of trade or exchange that may occur between various gatherings through the methods for web and is very extraordinary when contrasted with the conventional method of performing business exercises in which the physical nearness of both the purchasers and merchants used to be required. The accomplishment of e-business and the advantages of e-business to associations can be acknowledged through the web based business deals figure of $343 billion experienced by US organizations reported during the time of 2012 by Plunkett Research (Plunkettresearch.com, 2013). The significance of utilization of web in advertising exercises have been perceived as Plunkett Research made sense of that during the time of 2012, 24% of all showcasing exercises led by US associations was through online channels (Plunkettresearch.com, 2013). Then again are the individuals who accept that web has adversely affected the universe of business and measures ought to be taken to counter these negative effects. This composing will contend that web has a larger number of advantages to offer than detriments and whenever utilized in the fitting way, it can enable business to prosper. Body E-business has helped organizations in arriving at their objective market in differ ent techniques and has even helped organizations in expanding their pieces of the pie with restricted measure of speculations. As per Boone, the web has made it conceivable to arrive at different clients in a few different ways that were obscure to organizations before it advancement and the primary advantage that has been recognized by Boone is that web has made it workable for organizations to take into account the requirements of clients all through the world (Boone, 2012, p.105). This implies web has dispensed with limits that isolated nations from nations and confined organizations to cook the need of set number of individuals. The adversaries contend that despite the fact that web has helped organizations cross residential limits and has permitted even little scope organizations to work in the worldwide world, this component of web has expanded the opposition for nearby organizations and neighborhood organizations are closing down because of their inability to contend. As I wo uld like to think, this isn't really a disservice and is fairly a preferred position for nearby organizations and has helped them in understanding that they have to work in a much successful and productive way on the off chance that they need to endure the opposition. Web has even helped associations in diminishing their use on notice and showcasing and this element has even lead to increment in the intensity of the global associations. Web based publicizing and advancement is practically liberated from cost. Fundamental level web promoting, for example, production of websites and formation of WebPages on Facebook doesn't cost associations a dime. In the event that

Lean Manufacturing Philosophy and Principles

Lean Manufacturing Philosophy and Principles Research for assembling frameworks: Prologue to report: Before the well known reception of Lean Manufacturing, the interest for assortment was not met. Clients needed assortment, including various models and differing alternatives. Lean assembling was developed so as to make it conceivable to give coherence in process stream and an assortment in item contributions (Womack et al., 1990). Lean strategies were then applied so as to give the client what they need, when they need it with no overabundance costs (Conner, 2004). This report intends to pass on the thoughts and reasoning of Lean Manufacturing. Also, the foundation of the starting points of Lean Manufacturing will be investigated. Besides, Muda, Kaizen, the 5Ss, and station association will be clarified. At long last, a viable model that guides to picture the standards of Lean Manufacturing will be given. Thoughts and reasoning The meaning of lean assembling is an orderly way to deal with distinguish and taking out waste (non-esteem included exercises) through constant improvement by streaming the item at the draw of the client in quest for flawlessness. (Kilpatrick, 2003) Moreover, lean assembling is a strategy that can be characterized, refined, and copied. It must concentrate on disposing of waste. Muda, the Japanese expression for squander, incorporates numerous structures commonly ignored when strolling through the plant. The possibility of flawlessness is the without waste expense of assembling an item. Distinguishing and disposing of waste is a Non-esteem included action, this implies it requires, activity, time, or assets, however includes nothing according to the client. The reason for applying Lean assembling is to give the client exactly what they need when they need it, with no overabundance cost. (Conner, 2004) In addition, lean assembling is a technique that relies significantly upon adaptability and association, it is perfect for organizations that need new and crisp assembling strategies. Moreover, lean methods dispose of enormous capital costs for committed apparatus until computerization turns out to be totally important. (Bosh Rexroth Corporation, 2009) Lean assembling speaks to a significant change from robotization. The less is better way to deal with assembling prompts an endlessly rearranged, uncluttered condition that is acclimated to the producers requests. Items are made each in turn because of the clients necessities as opposed to bunch fabricated. The objective is to deliver just the amount required and no more. In spite of the fact that, the lean methodology isn't the answer for all assembling issues, it offers an adaptable answer for collecting increasingly complex items. (Bosh Rexroth Corporation, 2009) Beginnings of lean assembling (Akdeniz, 2015) The Toyota creation framework by and by epitomizes lean assembling approachs, however is at last behind the advancement of the lean business reasoning. Without the Toyota creation framework, we would not have lean assembling. At the core of the Toyota creations frameworks are two focal ideas: Jidoka (canny computerization) and Just in Time Manufacturing. The birthplaces of Jidoka can be followed back to looms developed by Sakichi Toyoda, the organizer of the Toyota gathering. Customarily, weaving was very work serious, manual work, since the weaver continually needed to take care of the weft (even yarn) to and fro between the vertical yarns. Sakichi Toyodas mother worked for a loom, and as he used to watch her at work, his brain would constantly produce new thoughts of how to make this a more straightforward and progressively effective procedure. In 1890 at 24 years old, Sakichi created a unique, simple to-utilize wooden hand loom that was just about 50 % more proficient than existing models that existed at that point. A key element of this loom prompted this expanded efficiency was the capacity of the weaver to utilize one hand to move the yarn to and fro so they could take care of in the weft all the while without interference. Sakichi kept on exploring different avenues regarding new thoughts, made more creations and in 1924 he and his child Kiichiro built up the Model G, the universes first rapid loom that took care of in new weft without interference of work. Later on Kiichiro assumed responsibility for Toyota and he drove Toyota into car make. In 1937 Kiichiro Toyoda started take a shot at a Toyota vehicle producing plant, and he started to build up his thoughts behind Just in Time fabricating. He needed to build up a framework that delivered just what was required, when it was required, and in the sum required to satisfy the need so as to spare time, cash, and workspace. As the Toyota Production framework (TPS) developed and Toyota started to exceed expectations as an organization, the remainder of the world started paying heed. Through execution of Jidoka and Just in Time produce Toyota had the option to turn into the standard for some organizations around the globe. In 1984 The TPS was converted into English and General Motors moved toward Toyota to arrange an agreement that lead to a joint endeavor. The Toyota-GM plant immediately turned into the most noteworthy positioned in US for quality. The term lean was utilized to portray the Toyota Production System by an exploration bunch drove by James Womack, and later on the term was instituted as lean assembling. This was later on imparted to the world when a book plotting the researchs discoveries, The Machine that Changed the World, was discharged. These days, lean framework and approachs, first created by Toyota, have been broadly adjusted and spread to all types of industry going from medical clinics, workplaces, and government organization to retail, the administration business and the military. In every manifestation, lean assembling has demonstrated as inventive effective as the last. References: Akdeniz, C. (2015) Lean Manufacturing Explained Can Akdeniz Google Books. Bosh Rexroth Corporation (2009) Lean Manufacturing: Principles, Tools and Methods, (2.5). Accessible at: http://www13.boschrexroth-us.com/Catalogs/Lean_Manufactuting_Guidebook.pdf (Accessed: 7 March 2017). Conner, G. (2004) Lean Manufacturing: Certification Workshop Participant Guide Gary Conner Google Books. Kilpatrick, J. (2003) Lean Principles. Accessible at: http://mhc-net.com/whitepapers_presentations/LeanPrinciples.pdf (Accessed: 7 March 2017). Womack, J. P., Jones, D. T., Roos, D. furthermore, Sammons Carpenter, D. (1990) Machine that Changed the World James P. Womack, Daniel T. Jones, Daniel Roos, Massachusetts Institute of Technology Google Books. Rawson Associates Scribner. Accessible at: https://books.google.com.mt/books?id=_n5qRfaNv9ACprintsec=frontcoverdq=the+machine+that+changed+the+worldhl=mtsa=Xredir_esc=y#v=onepageq=the machine that changed the worldf=false (Accessed: 8 March 2017).

How Long Does Norco Stay in Your System

How Long Does Norco Stay in Your System Addiction Drug Use Opioids Print How Long Does Norco Stay in Your System? Norco in Your Blood, Urine, Hair, Saliva By Buddy T facebook twitter Buddy T is an anonymous writer and founding member of the Online Al-Anon Outreach Committee with decades of experience writing about alcoholism. Learn about our editorial policy Buddy T Medically reviewed by Medically reviewed by Steven Gans, MD on September 26, 2019 Steven Gans, MD is board-certified in psychiatry and is an active supervisor, teacher, and mentor at Massachusetts General Hospital. Learn about our Medical Review Board Steven Gans, MD Updated on January 08, 2020 Verywell / Gary Ferster More in Addiction Drug Use Opioids Cocaine Heroin Marijuana Meth Ecstasy/MDMA Hallucinogens Prescription Medications Alcohol Use Addictive Behaviors Nicotine Use Coping and Recovery In This Article Table of Contents Expand Effects Duration Detection Times Symptoms of Overdose Getting Help View All Back To Top Norco is the brand name for a prescription medication that combines hydrocodone, an opioid pain reliever, with  acetaminophen. Acetaminophen is  an  over-the-counter (OTC) non-opioid pain reliever. Its often sold under the brand name  Tylenol and also is a common active ingredient in OTC cough, cold, and fever medications. There are quite a few prescription pain relievers that have these same two components. One of the most familiar is Vicodin; other hydrocodone/acetaminophen combination drugs include Anexsia, Lorcet, and Lortab. The main difference between most of these medications is the amounts of hydrocodone and acetaminophen. Theyre all prescribed to treat moderate to severe pain. All versions of Norco come as a tablet.?? Combination drugs with less than 15 milligrams of hydrocodone per dose unit like Norco are classified as Schedule II substances, meaning they are considered to have a high potential for misuse, with use potentially leading to severe psychological or physical dependence. ?? How Long Does Norco Stay in Your System? Blood: Up to 24 hoursUrine: Up to three daysSaliva: Up to three daysHair: Up to 90 days What You Should Know About Hydrocodone/Acetaminophen How Long Does It Take to Feel Effects? Norco is taken orally in tablet form and the drug must pass through the digestive system before it begins to take effect. The acetaminophen in Norco tends to be rapidly absorbed in the gastrointestinal tract and begins to take effect within 10 to 30 minutes of ingestion. The hydrocodone component of Norco is slower-acting but begins to relieve pain about 30 to 60 minutes after ingestion.  ?? The pain-relieving effects of Norco typically last between four and eight hours. How Long Does Norco Last? When talking about how long a particular medication remains active in the body it helps to understand the concept of half-life. Half-life refers to the amount of time it takes for half of the dose of a particular drug to be eliminated from the body.  When discussing Norco, of course, its necessary to consider both the half-life of hydrocodone and the half-life of acetaminophen. The  half-life  of hydrocodone is about four  hours.??? After five or six half-lives, the drug has been mostly eliminated from your system. However,  it is important to note that even at this point, hydrocodone can be detected in the urine for up to three days. This means that if you take a urine drug screen after being on Norco, it is likely to test positive for opiates even if your last dose was days earlier. Hydrocodone is metabolized by the liver into its major metabolites hydromorphone and dihydrocodeine.  Around 85% of an oral dose is excreted through the urine within 24 hours, mostly in the form of glucuronide conjugate, other conjugates, and small amounts of the unchanged drug.?? The acetaminophen in Norco has a half-life in the blood of one and a quarter hours to three hours. Acetaminophen is rapidly absorbed in the gastrointestinal tract and eliminated primarily by the liver and later excreted by the kidney as metabolites. Most acetaminophen has passed out of the body through the urine after 24 hours.?? Urine Norco may be detectable in the urine for up to three days after taking a dose.?? Urine tests are among the most common types of drug tests because they are less invasive, less expensive, and are easy to administer. If you have been taking Norco, you may test positive for opioids on a standard immunoassay urine drug screening. You should inform the lab that you have been taking this prescription medication for pain management so that they are able to interpret your results accurately. Blood Because urine tests are sometimes susceptible to false positives, a positive test for opioid use on a standard drug screen may be followed up with a blood test to confirm the results.?? However, the detection window in blood is much shorter. Norco may be detectable by a blood test for up to 24 hours after ingesting the last dose. While blood tests provide greater accuracy, they are also much more invasive and costly. Because of this, this type of testing is not often used in occupational settings but is more common in forensic and legal contexts. Saliva Due to its hydrocodone contents, Norco may be detectable by saliva for up to three days after ingestion. While saliva testing has some advantages, including being fairly easy to administer and non-invasive, the small specimen size can present testing challenges.?? Hair Hair testing can detect Norco metabolites in hair follicle samples for up to 90 days after the last dose. While such testing can be effective at detecting the past use of a drug, it can also be more costly. It may be used in instances where employers or law enforcement are looking at past drug use or misuse. Factors That Affect Detection Time There are a number of different individual factors that can play a role in how long Norco remains detectable in the body. Such factors include: Age: Older adults tend to clear the drug more slowly than younger adults.Liver function: Because the liver is important in the metabolism of the drug, impaired liver function can mean that it takes longer to metabolize Norco.Weight and size: People who are taller and heavier may metabolize the drug more quickly, while people who are shorter and lighter may process the substance at a slightly slower rate.Frequency of use: If you have been taking Norco for a while, it will take longer for the drug to completely clear your system.Dosage: Taking a higher dose of the substance means that it will take longer to process and excrete the drug.Metabolism: People with slower metabolisms may clear the drug at a slower rate.Hydration: Taking in more fluids can dilute the amount of the drug present in urine samples, making it more difficult to detect.Alcohol and other substances: Ingesting other substances at the same time can make it more difficult for the body to process and clear Norco from you r system. Its important to know how long a medication like Norco stays in the body since substances such as alcohol as well as other medications can lead to potentially dangerous interactions with either hydrocodone or acetaminophen.??  This information also is vital for preventing overdoses of either ingredient. For example, if you were to take significant amounts of Tylenol or an OTC cold or cough medication containing acetaminophen before Norco has cleared from your system, you potentially could wind up with an overdose of acetaminophen in your bodyâ€"a situation that has been found to lead to severe liver damage, according to the U.S. Food and Drug Administration  (FDA).?? By understanding how long Norco remains active in the body and when it will clear can help you and your doctor time your doses so that you get the most benefit without the risk of side effects. Symptoms of Overdose Knowing how long Norco remains in the system also can help prevent an accidental overdose caused by taking too much of the medication too soon.   The following are some of the signs and symptoms of a Norco overdose: Bluish-colored fingernails and lipsBreathing problemsCold, clammy skinComaConfusionDizzinessDrowsinessFatigueLightheadednessLow blood pressureMuscle twitchesPinpoint pupilsSeizuresSpasms of the stomach and intestinesWeaknessWeak pulseLoss of consciousness If you or someone youre caring for is taking Norco and experiences any of these symptoms, call 911. In the event the overdose has caused loss of consciousness, first responders can administer a drug called  Narcan  (naloxone) to counteract the effects of the hydrocodone. Understanding Opioid Overdoses Interaction Risks Because hydrocodone is an opiate narcotic, it brings a risk of dangerous interactions with a number of different substances including alcohol and other drugs. Drinking while taking Norco can lead to serious side effects caused by either the combination of alcohol with hydrocodone or the combination of alcohol with acetaminophen, according to the National Institute on Alcohol Abuse and Alcoholism, a division of the National Institutes of Health (NIH).?? Alcohol Risks With Norco Alcohol and hydrocodone can cause drowsiness, dizziness, an increased risk of overdose, breathing problems, impaired motor control, unusual behavior, and memory problems.Alcohol plus acetaminophen can lead to stomach problems and liver damage. Liver damage caused by acetaminophen is a particularly serious problem. That may seem odd since Tylenol and other over-the-counter medications containing acetaminophen are so accessible, but thats part of the problem: People often will unknowingly take more than one medication containing acetaminophen at a time. Research has found that exceeding 4,000 milligrams (mg) a day can lead to potentially irreversible and even fatal liver damage.?? Accidental overdoses and even deaths may occur in this scenario. For that reason, any medication that combines acetaminophen with another ingredient can have only 325mg of acetaminophen. Norco, for example, comes in several strengths of hydrocodone, ranging from 2.5mg to 10mg, but all of these versions have only 325mg of acetaminophen.   Of the medications that can cause problems when taken while Norco is in your system, the ones that are most dangerous are those that can interact with hydrocodone, particularly benzodiazepines. Examples include Xanax (alprazolam), Librium (chlordiazepoxide), Klonopin (clonazepam), Valium (diazepam), Ativan (lorazepam), and Halcion (triazolam). These are  prescription depressant drugs used most often to treat anxiety, muscle spasms, and seizures.   The potential dangers of mixing hydrocodone with a benzodiazepine medication are so potentially serious that ?an August 2016 review by the FDA resulted in the addition of boxed warnings on both types of drugs about side effects of mixing them, including slowed or difficult breathing and even death.?? Other types of medications that can interact with Norco include muscle relaxants, sedatives, sleeping pills, tranquilizers, and certain treatments for mental illness or nausea. The best way to protect yourself from harm while taking Norco is to make sure your doctor knows about all drugs and supplements you take before you begin treatment and to be clear about how long you need to wait after finishing being on Norco before resuming any medications that might interact before its out of your system.   Getting Help Like other opioids, the hydrocodone content of Norco can lead to tolerance and physical dependence, even if you take them exactly as prescribed. Tolerance means that people require larger doses of the drug to feel the same pain-relieving effects. If this happens, you should talk to your doctor. Never take a larger dose than what you have been prescribed. Your doctor may adjust your dose or switch you to another type of medication. Physical dependence occurs when the body becomes accustomed to the presence of a substance. When a person develops a dependence on a drug, they need to continue taking it in order to avoid experiencing symptoms of withdrawal. When you decide to stop taking Norco or another type of opioid medication, your doctor may gradually lower your dose in a process called tapering in order to avoid withdrawal effects. Symptoms of Norco withdrawal can include: Muscle achesVomitingRunny noseSweatingDiarrheaFatigueHeadachesAnxietyChills Such symptoms typically last for five to seven days, but your doctor can prescribe medications that will help you cope during the withdrawal period. If you suspect that you might be dependent or addicted to Norco or another hydrocodone-containing medication, help is available. Start by talking to your doctor who can help you taper off the drug and find another medication that will alleviate your pain. Your doctor may also recommend inpatient or outpatient residential treatment or refer you to a mental health professional who specializes in addiction treatment and recovery. You can also contact the Substance Abuse and Mental Health Services Administration at 1-800-662-4357 or use their online tool to find treatment resources in your area.   Treatment for Opioid Addiction

Essay on Open Communication Is a Necessity - 1727 Words

An important aspect of communication focuses on strong relationships between management and employees, and effective leaders create these relationships. In the words of Stapeleton et al. (2007) â€Å"contentment of employees and their ability to interact with management are closely correlated to employee satisfaction† (p. 812). Stapleton et al. (2007) also reported â€Å"strong correlation exists between how staff is treated by senior management and how they perceive their work experience† (p. 812). Research clearly shows that management has to invest in relationships with their employees. These relationships prove that communication facilitates success. Statepton et al. (2007) noted that communication is a vital tool for an organization†¦show more content†¦Gove (2007) also declared leaders must clearly assure that officers understand completely their roles and functions. This understanding motivates officers, and ultimately officers and staff alike wil l work more closely toward the same goals. According to Gove (2007) two different empowerment strategies exist. The Relational approach allows officers the opportunity to make certain decisions. They can adjust their hours; they can seek their own ways to complete department goals. The Motivational approach places emphasis on communication, goal setting and feedback. Most organizations do not have an actual defined strategy, but management must realize that the way they communicate with their employees dictates the mood, morale and productivity of their organization. Rouse (2009) claimed â€Å"incompetent leaders undermine performance objectives† (p. 465). Rouse (2009) went on to suggest supervisor communication, or lack thereof best indicates the extent of employee morale. Ineffective or incompetent leaders lack the communication skills to influence staff performance. When leaders fail to meet employees’ expectations, employees perceive low productivity, low m orale, and more conflict. Raines (2011) reported that â€Å"studies have shown positive links between employee engagement, employee involvement and safety performance† (p. 36). All organizations should understand the need to involve employees in safety aspects.Show MoreRelatedCase Study : Park City Carpet Llc899 Words   |  4 Pagescarpet related issues, including flood restoration, mold clean up/treatment, various remediation, carpet installation, and carpet cleaning. (D. Medina, personal communication, July 8, 2015) I met with Duane to talk about his business, Park City Carpet. He expressed his views on business in general. Duane explained (personal communication, July 8, 2015) the â€Å"difference between small business and large business is letting the customer know you are a part of the community and you are not going anywhereRead MoreIs College Worth The Time And Money? 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Acclimatizing work provisions will attempt to offset work and home responsibilities; which perhaps might assist workers deal with common stressors, inspire them, and encourage individuals. Lastly, I would apply the strategic change interventio n because this process will support strategic change through the total necessity for change by assessingRead MoreNursing Is An Art, It Is A Profession868 Words   |  4 Pagescan be likened to how good it feels to sense gratefully. To select a career in nursing is to dedicate yourself to a devotion lifetime. Since the instant, you initially recognize yourself as a nurse, you join an elite force of brilliant people. You necessity gets ready for childbirth, diseases, and disorders and you must learn to rejoice wellness and healthiness. You must be prepared for all types of situations and all kinds of emotions. However, in the first place, after you call yourself a nurse you

Analysis of Shirley Jacksons The Lottery - 490 Words

In Shirley Jackson’s â€Å"The Lottery,† the theme of the story is dramatically illustrated by Jackson’s unique tone. Once a year the villagers gather together in the central square for the lottery. The villagers await the arrival of Mr. Summers and the black box. Within the black box are folded slips of paper, one piece having a black dot on it. All the villagers then draw a piece of paper out of the box. Whoever gets the paper with the black dot wins. Tessie Hutchinson wins the lottery! Everyone then closes in on her and stones her to death. Tessie Hutchinson believes it is not fair because she was picked. The villagers do not know why the lottery continues to exist. All they know is that it is a tradition they are not willing to abandon. In†¦show more content†¦Ã¢â‚¬Å"†It isn’t fair, it isn’t right,†Ã¢â‚¬Å" (969). This suggests that Tessie Hutchinson has become rebellious toward the tradition she grew up with. â€Å"it isnâ €™t right,† suggests that Hutchinson believes the lottery is wrong. She also believes her odds of getting the piece of paper with the black dot on it were against her and she did not have a fair chance. â€Å"It isn’t fair,† Violence is also a very important theme in Jackson’s â€Å"The Lottery.† â€Å"†It isn’t fair,† she said. A stone hit her on the side of the head.† (969). Jackson is showing her audience that the stoning has begun. â€Å"†It isn’t fair... a stone hit her† suggests that Tessie Hutchinson believes that the lottery is not fair. It also suggests that the villagers show no mercy for her and continue on with the stoning until she was killed. Jackson’s â€Å"The Lottery,† demonstrates how violent some traditions may be. In many cultures today, traditions still exist like the lottery. People throughout the world dedicate their entire lives to their traditional heritage. Although some people may disagree with many culture’s traditions, almost everyone has their own traditions that they take part in throughout their lives. â€Å"The Lottery† is a prime example of how violent and inhuman some traditions may be. This story demonstrates how committed and faithful many people are to their traditionalShow MoreRelatedAnalysis Of Shirley Jacksons The Lottery841 Words   |  4 PagesSecond World War. In the short story â€Å"The Lottery†, Shirley Jackson used persecution and tradition to demonstrate how scapegoating justified unfair killing. Both of these aspects relate to the World War that preceded only a couple years before the story was written. The persecution was blind and done once a y ear as a tradition that everyone expected to happen. Therefore, the story’s main idea was to let the reader imagine what the real meaning of the lottery was. At first, Jackson described the townRead MoreAnalysis Of Shirley Jacksons The Lottery1303 Words   |  6 Pagespowerful force (qtd. in AZQuotes). In Shirley Jacksons chilling story The Lottery, a town celebrates a special custom of stoning people to death every year. Jackson perfectly depicts a possible event that may occur from blindly following tradition without evaluating the purpose or usefulness of it in the first place. Jackson’s use of plot, theme, and symbolism reveal the evil reality of blind faith, tradition, and their consequences. Initially, Jackson’s twisted plot reveals the infinite, viciousRead MoreAnalysis Of Shirley Jacksons The Lottery954 Words   |  4 Pagesthe authors message. Shirley Jackson’s â€Å"The Lottery† displays a masterful usage of literary elements to better convey Jackson’s general purpose, such as through the deep symbolism and underlying theme; however, Jackson’s true provocation of emotion is accomplished through her quintessential use of point of view. The objective point of view is indispensable within â€Å"The Lottery† because of the creation of suspense, drama, and irony. To begin with, the first reason why Jackson’s objective point of viewRead MoreAnalysis of Shirley Jacksons The Lottery Essay776 Words   |  4 Pagesâ€Å"The Lottery† is a short story by Shirley Jackson, first published on June 26, 1948. The story was initially met with negative critical reception due to its violent nature and portrayal of the potentially dangerous nature of human society. It was even banned in some countries. However, â€Å"The Lottery† is now widely accepted as a classic American short story and is used in classrooms throughout the country. Jackson’s story takes a critical look at what can result when the customs and laws that governRead MoreAnalysis of Shirley Jacksons The Lottery Essays4601 Words   |  19 Pages Shirley Jackson’s famous short story, â€Å"The Lottery,† was published in 1948 and remains to this day one of the most enduring and affecting American works in the literary canon. â€Å"The Lottery† tells the story of a farming community that holds a ritualistic lottery among its citizens each year. Although the text initially presents audiences with a close-knit community participating in a social event together on a special day, the shocking twist at the work’s end—with the death of the lottery’s â€Å"winner†Read MoreAnalysis of John Steinbecks Chrysanthemums and Shirley Jacksons The Lottery1500 Words   |  6 PagesExamining The ChrysanthemumS The Lottery Examining The Chrysanthemums The Lottery In the WWII period, women entered the workforce is massive numbers a statistical anomaly that had never existed in American society or hardly any other modern society, ever. They became empowered and more women realized a wider range of their capabilities. A few decades after WWII, the feminist movement would rise to change the course of womens history again. The success and fervor of the feminist movementRead MoreAn Analysis of Shirley Jacksons The Lottery and Flannery OConnors A Good Man Is Hard to Find1360 Words   |  5 PagesShirley Jackson The Lottery Shirley Jacksons short story The Lottery depicts life in a provincial American town with rigid social norms. Mr. Summers symbolizes everything that is wrong with the town; he represents blind adherence to ritual, social rigidity, and resistance to change. His name corresponds with the seasonal setting of The Lottery, too, drawing attention to the importance of his character in shaping the theme of the story. Summers is in charge of the central motif of the storyRead More Shirley Jacksons The Lottery 946 Words   |  4 PagesShirley Jackson is said to be one of the most â€Å"brilliant and influential authors of the twentieth century.† â€Å"Her fiction writing is some of the most important to come out of the American literary canon.† (http://shirleyjackson.org/Reviews.html) Jackson wrote many short stories and even some books. They are more on the dark, witchlike side, however. Kelleher explains that Jackson stated in some interviews that she practiced magic. No one re ally knows if she was serious while practicing witchcraftRead MoreUse of Symbolism in The Lottery by Shirley Jackson1146 Words   |  5 Pagesbulb represents ideas that just sparked into a character’s head. In the short story, â€Å"The Lottery† by Shirley Jackson, a village has just entered the month of June, meaning that the lottery is to begin. When everyone was present, the heads of the households’ names were called one by one to pick up a slip of paper. It was then discovered that the Hutchinson family was the chosen family to participate in the lottery again. When Mr. Hutchinson, Mrs. Hutchinson, Bill Jr., Nancy, and Little Dave each gotRead MoreSymbolism in The Lottery, by Shirley Jackson Essay example1173 Words   |  5 PagesWhen most people play the lottery today, they think about having wealth. Generally, people who win are happy about it whether they win one dollar or a million. The lottery in our society has grown to support education and it is often worth several million dollars. Usually, the winner of the lottery gains a lot of recognition for the money they win. But what would happen if there was a small town where people held a yearly lottery in which the â€Å"winner† was the member of the town who was not sacrificed

Electromagnetic Radiation and Valence Electrons Free Essays

Introductory Chemistry, 2e (Tro) Chapter 9 – Electrons in Atoms and the Periodic Table True/False Questions 1) When the elements are arranged in order of increasing number of protons, certain sets of properties recur periodically. 5) A particle of light is called a packet. 9) Ultraviolet light produces suntans and sunburns. We will write a custom essay sample on Electromagnetic Radiation and Valence Electrons or any similar topic only for you Order Now 13) Electrons behave like particles and we can describe their exact paths. 17) The ground state is when an electron in an atom is excited into the lowest possible vacant orbital. 21) Bromine has 17 valence electrons. 5) The atomic radius of lithium is larger than the atomic radius of nitrogen. Multiple Choice Questions 29) The number of cycles of a wave that passes a stationary point in one second is called its A) wavelength B) frequency C) crest D) trough E) none of the above 33) Which color of the visible spectrum has photons with the most energy? A) red B) orange C) green D) violet E) yellow 37) Which form of electromagnetic radiation has the longest wavelength? A) Radio Waves B) Microwaves C) X-rays D) Gamma Rays E) Infrared Radiation 41) Which form of electromagnetic radiation has photons with the lowest energy? A) Radio Waves B) Microwaves C) X-rays D) Gamma Rays E) Infrared Radiation 45) Which statement below does NOT follow the Bohr Model? A) When energy is absorbed by atoms, the electrons are promoted to higher-energy orbits. B) When an atom emits light, electrons fall from a higher orbit into a lower orbit. C) The energy emitted from a relaxing electron can have any wavelength. D) Electrons exist in specific, quantized orbits. E) none of the above 49) How many subshells are there in the n = 4 principal shell? A) 1 B) 2 C) 3 D) 4 E) not enough information 53) Which one of the following is the correct orbital diagram for nitrogen? A) ^v ^v v v ^ B) ^v vv v ^ ^ C) ^v vv ^ ^ ^ D) ^v ^v ^ ^ ^ E) none of the above 57) How many electrons are unpaired in the orbitals of nitrogen? 61) How many core electrons are in a chlorine atom? A) 14 B) 5 C) 9 D) 3 E) none of the above A) 1 B) 17 C) 10 D) 7 E) none of the above 65) What do the alkali metals all have in common? A) They all undergo similar reactions. B) They all have similar physical properties. C) They all form +1 ions. D) They all have the same number of valence electrons. E) all of the above 69) The size of an atom generally increases A) down a group and from right to left across a period. B) up a group and from left to right across a period. C) down a group and from left to right across a period. D) up a group and from right to left across a period. E) up a group and diagonally across the Periodic Table. 73) Which of the following atoms is the smallest? A) Li B) Be C) B D) O E) Ne Answers 1t 5f 9t 13f 17f 21f 25t 29b 33d 37a 41a 45c 49d 53d 57d 61c 65e 69a How to cite Electromagnetic Radiation and Valence Electrons, Papers

Robert Frost The Road Not Taken Essay Example

Robert Frost The Road Not Taken Paper English 102 Poetry Essay We all will hit a point in our lives where we have to make some decisions, some more than others, and Robert Frost alludes to this in a relatable way in his poem â€Å"The Road Not Taken†. Frost uses some great images to describe the situation the narrator is in. He also lets you visualize the thoughts and actions that the narrator is making. There are so many ways you can tell what Frost is saying in this poem by taking a close look into his many uses of symbolism. Frosts first use of symbolism in his poem is in the first two lines â€Å"Two roads diverged in a yellow wood, / And sorry I could not travel both† (Frost, 555). The two roads are being referred as a time in the narrator’s life where he has to make an important decision, and he can only follow one path. Once he makes this decision in his life, it’s going to be the decision he lives with. You could say that this is his midlife crisis, and right now he’s deciding how he wants his life to be in the future. In in lines four and five he says â€Å"And looked down one as far as I could / To where it bent in the undergrowth† (Frost, 555). He doesn’t know where this decision will take him in life, he can only see so far into the future or so far into the road. We will write a custom essay sample on Robert Frost The Road Not Taken specifically for you for only $16.38 $13.9/page Order now We will write a custom essay sample on Robert Frost The Road Not Taken specifically for you FOR ONLY $16.38 $13.9/page Hire Writer We will write a custom essay sample on Robert Frost The Road Not Taken specifically for you FOR ONLY $16.38 $13.9/page Hire Writer By the second stanza you think the narrator has one path in mind, but in a split second he decides to take the other path. There was no premeditation to this decision, he had actually thought long and hard about the first path but took the risk and went with the road not taken. After he makes this quick judgment to take this road he starts to regret it a little by saying â€Å"Oh, I kept the first for another day! † (Frost, 555) He regrets his decision and now wishes to have a chance to follow the other path someday. So now that our speaker has walked away from one future and into another, hes pining for the one he passed up. He is planning to come back and take the other path another day† (Shmoop Editorial Team). He regrets his choice and wants to come back to the path he has passed up but he then realizes that fate is fate, and he must accept it in lines 14 and 15; â€Å"Yet knowing how way leads on to way, / I doubted if I should ever come back† (Frost, 555). I t’s not evident if the narrator is happy or displeased about the decision he has made. Frost starts the last stanza by saying â€Å"I shall be telling this with a sigh / Somewhere ages and ages hence† (Frost, 556). This sigh could be a peaceful and content sigh or it could be a disappointed sigh. Then Frost ends the stanza by saying â€Å"I took the one less traveled by, / And that has made all the difference† (Frost, 556) No matter what kind of sigh it was, in the end the decision he has made is the decision it will be. â€Å"He doesnt know if he took the road less traveled or not, really – both paths were covered with fresh leaves. But he thinks that, in the future, hes going to remember the path that he took as the one that was less traveled† (Shmoop Editorial Team). He’s going to remember his decision for the rest of his life, and no matter what he thinks of this decision it still has made a difference in his life and he will continuously remember it. We all have decisions in life to make, and we all come to that point in our life where we have to choose which road we want to follow. Follow your heart. Even if you contemplate the decision for a while, remember your heart is what you should follow. The decision to take one road may alter your life in a dramatic way, but at that point in time your decision was right for you. You may regret it a little, but in the end you will always remember why you ended up where you are. Shmoop Editorial Team. Dreams, Hopes, and Plans Quotes: The Road Not Taken Shmoop. com. Shmoop University, Inc. , 11 Nov. 2008. Web. 3 Nov. 2011. Frost, Robert. The Road Not Taken. Backpack Literature: And introduction to Fiction, Poetry, Drama, and Writing. Kennedy, X. J. , Dana Gioia. New Jersey: Pearson, 2011. 555-556.

Effects of Electricity essays

Effects of Electricity essays In this lab, the effects of electricity were studied. This was done by observing the effect on a strip of metal foil when a charged rod was brought closer to it and by completing other similar experiments. These other experiments included examining the charge on common scotch tape and the various ways to give a rod charges. In the first experiment, a piece of tape was peeled off of the table and held close to some bits of tape, which it attracted. This showed that simply by removing the tape from the table, the tape became charged enough to attract the paper. Next, two pieces of tape were stuck to the table and when they were held together they repelled. The repulsion got stronger the closer together the pieces were held. Then, a piece of tape was hung off the edge of the table. A second was stuck on the table and a third was stuck on top of it. They were pulled from the table together and the peeled apart. When the bottom piece was brought close to the hanging tape, it repelled it. This shows that two pieces of tape, peeled from the same table, will share like charges, and thus repel each other. Next a series of experiments were completed using an ebonite rod, a glass rod, wool, silk, and an electroscope. In the first experiment, the ebonite rod was charged by rubbing it on wool and brought close to the hanging tape, which it repelled. This shows that the charge from the wool would easily transfer to the ebonite rod, and then share the same charge as the table and the tape. Next, the glass rod was charged with the silk and when brought close to the hanging tape it attracted it but when it was brought close to the straw in the electroscope, it repelled it, which shows that the tape shared the same charge, but the straw held an opposite charge. Then, the electroscope was neutralized with a finger and the charged ebonite rod was brought near the plate and the opposite side of the plate was touched with the finger...

Do Colleges Look at Middle School Grades

Do Colleges Look at Middle School Grades SAT / ACT Prep Online Guides and Tips Should you be worried about a low grade you got in middle school hurting your future college applications? Do middle school grades count for college?With college admissions getting more competitive and students preparing for college earlier and earlier, many people wonder if colleges look at the middle school grades of applicants. Will that C you got in 6th grade math hold you back from getting into your dream school? In this guide, we explain if colleges look at middle school grades, which grades colleges are most interested in, and everything you can do as a middle school student to prepare for the college application process. Do Colleges Look at Middle School Grades? Your middle school grades will not be part of your college application.No college, even a highly-competitive one, is going to be looking at what grades you got in middle school. There are several reasons for this. The main one is that, when you apply to college, your middle school grades will have occurred too long ago to give colleges an accurate idea of the student you are now. If colleges see that you got a D in science when you were 12 years old, that really doesn’t give them any insight into the type of student you are at 17 or 18 when you’re applying to schools. You’ve had years to improve your study habits and master new material, so penalizing you for something that happened years ago would be unfair. Middle school grades simply happened too long ago to be very useful. Additionally, middle school grades are often more subjective than high school grades. One middle school may have a very different grading scale compared to a different school, while some middle school teachers may give everyone A’s while others are much more strict. Things like this can happen in high school too, but it’s more prevalent in middle school, which makes it harder for colleges to compare grades of students who went to different middle schools. Colleges also have plenty of better information to figure out what kind of student you are that they don't need your middle school grades. Colleges ask for a lot of materials when you apply, including your high school transcript, standardized test scores, the extracurriculars you were in, personal statements, and letters of recommendation.This is enough for them to get a good idea of who you are and what type of student you are. Middle school grades wouldn't add any useful information. Which Grades Do Colleges Look At? Which Year of School Is Most Important for College Applications? Colleges won't be looking at your middle school grades, but they will be very interested in all the grades you got in high school. When you apply to colleges, you’ll submit a transcript that includes the grades you got the first three years of high school, and many schools also require you to submit your senior grades once you get them. Colleges will look at every grade you got in high school, so ideally you want your entire high school transcript to be strong.However, there are some grades that are more important to colleges than other grades. Generally colleges care most about the grades you got junior year. These grades are the most important because, when you apply in the fall of your senior year, they’re the most recent grades the college has access to, so they give them the best idea of your current abilities. If you got a few low grades your freshman year but turned around and got high grades the rest of your high school career, colleges will see that maybe you struggled a bit in the beginning, but then you overcame those issues and were able to maintain a high GPA afterward. That gives them confidence you’re on track to be a successful college student. On the other hand, if you began high school with a strong GPA but have gradually gotten lower grades, especially in your junior year, colleges may be more concerned that you’re struggling as classes get more difficult, you’re losing motivation, or both.Having high grades your junior year will give colleges confidence that you can succeed as a student that their school. How important are your grades from other years of high school? Senior year grades are probably the next most important, although some colleges make admissions decisions before your senior grades are out. However, many colleges will ask for your senior grades even after they’ve accepted you, so don’t fall prey to senioritis and start coasting your final year of high school. Sophomore grades are most important after that, then freshman grades. What Can You Do in Middle School to Prepare for College? Even though colleges don’t look at your middle school grades, there's still plenty you can do in middle school to prepare for college. It’s not required to start thinking about college in middle school, but if you’re really motivated, there are several things you can do as a middle schooler to put you in the best spot when it comes time to apply to college. Here are three things to focus on. #1: Get the Best Grades You Can in Your Classes Even though colleges won’t be looking at your middle school grades, you still want to get the best grades you can during those years. Having strong middle school grades increases the chances of you being placed into advanced classes as a high school freshman, which colleges will see. Additionally, by working hard in middle school, you’ll acquire good study and testing habits that you can continue to use in high school, making it easier for you to get high grades in your high school classes.You don’t want to enter high school without knowing how to properly read a chapter in a textbook or study for a big test. Learn these things in middle school so you’ll be as prepared as possible for your high school classes and can start your freshman year off strong. #2: Think About Which Subjects You Enjoy Most You absolutely don’t need to know what you’re going to major in as a middle schooler (most high school students have no idea what they’re going to major in!), but it can definitely be helpful to start thinking about what your favorite subjects are and which of them you’d like to continue taking. If you know that you enjoy, say, math and science classes more than English and social studies classes, once you get to high school you can begin aiming to take more advanced classes in math and science to show colleges that you’re skilled in them. It’s totally fine to change your mind about which classes you plan on taking in high school, but by starting to think about it in middle school, you can be better prepared when it comes time to choose classes in high school. #3: Participate in Different Extracurricular Activities Your middle school grades may not be part of your college application, but extracurriculars you participate in during this time might be! If you’ve been taking piano lessons since you were in 2nd grade or been volunteering at a nursing home since you were 13, you can include that on your college applications as long as you continued those activities through at least part of high school. This means your middle school extracurriculars can show colleges your commitment to an activity, and participating in an extracurricular in middle school can help you get a leadership position in that activity as a high school student. If colleges see that you’ve stuck with an activity since middle school, it’ll show them you’re passionate about it and can really dedicate yourself to an activity.Similarly, obtaining a leadership position in an extracurricular also shows you’re passionate about it and that you have leadership skills (a big plus to colleges). As with tip #2, it’s completely fine to change extracurriculars between middle school and college, but if you’re looking for a way to strengthen your future college applications, sticking with at least one can help. Conclusion: Do Middle School Grades Count for College? Do colleges look at middle school grades? No, your middle school grades occurred too long ago to really give colleges an accurate idea of your current academic abilities. Colleges have many other pieces of information that are much more useful for figuring out which applicants to accept, so they don’t use middle school grades. Which grades do colleges look at? Your high school grades will be very important for your college application, particularly your junior year grades since these give colleges the best idea of what kind of student you are now. Even though your middle school grades won’t be used in the college application process, you can still begin preparing for college applications in middle school by getting high grades (to prepare you for the best high school classes), thinking about which classes you want to continue with in high school and beyond, and participating in extracurriculars you’re interested in and want to continue with in high school. What's Next? Trying to decide where to go to high school? Learn how to compare high schools using SAT or ACT scores. Thinking ahead to your high school grades?Learn the average high school GPA so you know what to aim for. Beginning your college search?Check out our guide on how to choose the best college for you. Want to improve your SAT score by 160 points or your ACT score by 4 points?We've written a guide for each test about the top 5 strategies you must be using to have a shot at improving your score. Download it for free now:

Event study for efficient market hypothesis ex dividend data Dissertation

Event study for efficient market hypothesis ex dividend data - Dissertation Example The intention of this study are efficient market hypothesis. The theory ‘efficient market’ was formulated by Eugene Fama in 1970. He described an efficient market as a market where at any point in time, actual prices of individual securities already reflect the effects of information based both on events that have already occurred and on events which, as of now, the market expects to take place in the future. The efficient market prices represent the intrinsic value of the securities. Researchers have developed this hypothesis to be known as the Efficient Market Hypothesis (EMH) which states that the market prices reflect all information known to the public. Market react to any new information available in the market immediately as reflected in stock prices rather than gradually adjust it. This theory is an important concept in the area of understanding equity markets and cost of equity capital. Another important concept in the area of equity markets is that of random wa lk hypothesis. According to this hypothesis, the anticipated price of an asset fluctuates randomly around its expected value. Both the efficient market and random walk hypothesis, it is a futile exercise to try and find overpriced and under-priced assets. This is because, in an efficient market, the assets in the stock market are already reflecting all the available information. There are no future predictions that can be made about how a market will behave. The price of any assets is already a reflection of the best estimates for the expected risk and return of the assets. The suggestion that all the information known about past, present and future events is reflected in the current market prices means that the financial analysts are snake oil salesmen. This is why the EMH is such a controversial hypothesis. However, in an inefficient market, investors can identify miss-priced assets. Identifying the same can enable an investor to achieve gains (Rutterford, 1993). Because of these reasons, these hypotheses provide a solid theoretical and predictive model about the operations of the financial markets and influence more people to invest in stock market (Will, 2006). Types of Market Efficiency There are three primary categorization of EMH given by Fama (1970) according to the type of information reflected in the stock price – 1. Weak-form efficiency - Share prices reflect all past information and thus, rules out the possibility of predicting future stock prices on the basis of past

War and Technology Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1750 words

War and Technology - Essay Example During World War One, military officials realized the importance of having up to date weapons to win wars (Stewart 2001)2. During this period, armies used advanced weapons recognized as second generation warfare and realized that machinery and weapons are used to conquer and win battles and the only importance of military officials is limited to occupying the conquered areas. 1Harris, Brice F.  America, Technology and Strategic Culture: A Clausewitzian Assessment. London: Routledge, 2009. Internet resource. 2Neil, Stewart.  The Changing Nature of Warfare, 1700-1945. London: Hodder & Stoughton, 2001. Print. During this period armies even realized the importance of transportation as these vehicles were used to transport men and machinery from one end to another. These improvements in technology clearly defined that to gain victory in war; you have to be sound technologically at both the operative and the tactical bases. The belief of technological soundness being the determinant o victory of war was clearly visible in different wars such as the Cold War and Current Wars that take place every now and then. Body After WWII, major nations throughout the earth started developing the technological side of their defense, they started developing and acquiring new kinds of air shuttles, sea transport and weapon, new form of larger missiles and bombs and machinery that is used while nation’s army is fighting in the land (Melko 2001)3. The continuous up gradation of the technological side led to the development of military aircrafts and air transports which had higher degree of accuracy and speed, researchers even developed new forms of surveillance systems to gain higher degree of accuracy during the process of acquiring information, for this purpose GPS systems came into existence. These developments in technological advancements were recognized as 3GW (Third Generation Warfare), these developments were utilized during the period of WWII and during Gulf War th at took place between Iraq and US and later even in different attacks conducted on Iraq starting from 2003 till present date. These wars clearly exhibited that those countries that were able to accept and create technological advancements are the victorious ones. 3Mathew, Melko.  General War Among Great Powers in World History. Lewiston, N.Y: Edwin Mellen Press, 2001. Print. Advanced Technology in Operational Level While creating a strategy before going to war, both the tactical as well as the operational bases of the war are taken into consideration and special importance is given to the technological aspect of these two bases. According to Giulio Douhet, one of the best strategies implemented is the use of air power to destroy the opponent civil population’s willingness to fight (Douhet 2010)4. This strategy was implemented in different wars, for example: during the period of WWI, this strategy was implemented by the German strategists while attacking London and NATO forc es even used the same strategy while attacking Kosovo. This strategic move increases the accuracy at which the war targets are attacked, thus this strategy obtains the optimum result while keeping the collateral losses at the lower end. Advancement in technology has been accepted as morally correct as these advancements increases the probability of armies gaining the accurate intelligence about the legal targets that need to be

Psychology Essay example -- Health, Pregnancy

Pregnancy can be a time of elation and excitement in a woman’s life, but few individuals will experience a pregnancy completely devoid of side effects. Many women experience universal physical symptoms such as nausea, weight gain and increased fatigue during pregnancy (Flaxman & Sherman, 2008). The processes associated with pregnancy and birth involves complex physiological and psychological changes in a woman’s brain chemistry (Draganski & May, 2008). According to Kim et al. (2010), a woman may experience various physiological effects based on a combination of hormonal and mechanical transformations during pregnancy (Kim, Leckman, Mayes, Feldman, Wang & Swain, 2010). Many pregnant women are informed to be wary of short-term memory loss, also known as ‘baby brain’. But studies performed by Christensen et al. (2010) provide scientific results that common belief of ‘baby brain’ in pregnant women is a myth (Christensen, Leach & Mackinnon, 2010). I n fact, several women display cognitive modifications during pregnancy, such as an increase in ability to correctly perform reference memory tasks and complex spatial tasks (Kim, Leckman, Mayes, Feldman, Wang & Swain, 2010). Data presented by Kim et al. (2010) suggests that the brain of an expectant mother undergoes hormonal and structural neurological changes in order to prepare itself for the physiological and psychological demands and responsibilities of motherhood (Kim, Leckman, Mayes, Feldman, Wang & Swain, 2010). Reference Memory Reference memory refers to an individual’s ability to recall previously learned facts and information through interactions within their environment (Draganski & May, 2008). A study composed by Draganski et al. (2008) to test reference memory in pregnant ... ...ggests that pregnancy not only has a positive effect on aspects of cognition, but also provides influences on learning, decision making, motivation, and resource utilization (Pawluski & Galea, 2006). Due to various ethical restrictions, the data compiled on experiments performed on pregnant female, human-brain specimens is limited. Despite the restrictions on availability of human data, findings from experiments on animals are still beneficial in relation to humans. Although some pregnant females may suffer from some form of temporary loss in proper cognitive functioning, this loss does not have any permanent effects on brain functioning. Perceptions of cognitive impairment in pregnant women may reflect other factors such as stress, an increase in mental focus on the pregnancy, or even sleep-loss, none of which fall into the category of being a cognitive deficit.

Is Journalistic Objectivity Really Possible in British Society?

Introduction to Journalism End of Module Assessment Module leader Prof. Frank MacMahon Student: Fabio Scarpello Student number: 10182824 Report title: Is Journalistic objectivity really possible in British society. | |Notes: Words 2,275 | |Pages nine | |(â€Å" †¦ â€Å")= Reference to article in bibliography |Introduction Objectivity is the standard to which every journalist should aspire. In this report I analyse the coverage of the European Union (EU) summit in Nice held between the 7th and the 11th December 2000. My aim is to underline whether â€Å"objectivity† has been achieved. I will focus on The Guardian and The Telegraph, (both replaced by their Sunday newspapers on the 10th) and, to a lesser extent, on The Sun. My scrutiny will start the 8th and continue for five days. The report will look at: – Coverage – Prominence – Use of pictures – EditorialTo gain an independent view of the issues discussed, I relied on the BBC, (â€Å"E U Guidelines†), and kept its indication as my benchmark. Accordingly they are: – Charter of Rights (54 rights for every EU citizen) – Drop of National Vetoes, replaced by Qualified Majority Voting (QMV) for most decisions (Blair pledged to maintain six called â€Å"red lines† on tax, social security, immigration, treaty amendments, EU budget and border control) – Re-weighting of the Council of Minister vote. Due to its importance and controversy, I included the Rapid Reaction Force (RRF)Friday 8th Broadsheets give ample coverage to the Summit, with equal prominence. Front-page articles are similar. Headlines are coherent in condemning Chirac while the contents concentrate on the different aspirations for the RRF between France (who advocate operational independence from NATO) and Great Britain (who wants closer co-ordination with NATO). Comments from Government and opposition appear in both. The similitude ends with reports of the pre-summit disturb ances. Different is the approach to the Charter.The Telegraph’s tone is critical, comments however are balanced with Byrne (Irish EU commissioner) who highlights weakness in its draft, and Fontaine (EU Parliament president) who wants it incorporated in European law. The Guardian sees it as a triumph for Britain and voices its optimism with Vaz (European minister) who plays down Tories worries of a European Constitution. The importance of maintaining national vetoes is the main point of the Telegraph’s last article, while The Guardian ends with the gains of widening the EU eastwards.Editorials reflect the broadsheets different political stance. The Guardian advocates the UK’s advantages in dropping its veto on immigration, while The Telegraph reports on the intention of the Anti-EU party to attack labour at next general election. The Sun coverage is also comprehensive. The tone is more direct (â€Å"Blair war on Chirac†), but still covers the RRF (comments from Blair and two conservative ministers), riots and Charter with comment from Jaspin (French PM) who advocates its legal status. The political line is clear in the commentary and in the editorial.Kavanagh (political commentator) sarcastically highlights the division within the EU leaders. The editorial tone gets almost menacing: it begins with â€Å"Tony on Trial† and it ends with â€Å"He dares not return home if he gives up any of them† (â€Å"red lines†) Saturday 9th Coverage and prominence are again similar with both broadsheets dealing with the RRF in depth. Comments from Cook, Cohen (US defence secretary) and Smith (shadow defence secretary) appear in both. The Telegraph strengths its critics with Pearle (US former politician) who says â€Å"this is a catastrophe for NATO† (â€Å"Euro force still†¦. †) .The Guardian, in its defence, uses Chirac and Solana (MEP) who states, †It is not a threat to NATO, we are not trying to make a n EU army† (â€Å"Chirac gives way†¦Ã¢â‚¬ ). Vetoes are mentioned in both and it is interesting the different use of the same picture. In The Guardian it reads, â€Å"veto cloning† (page 7) in The Telegraph only â€Å"veto† (page 11). The latter could be seen as a warning to Blair against dropping vetoes, whilst it is a protest against human cloning. The Sun coverage is poor with a single article. Scepticism against the RRF is expressed by Kavanagh not convinced of Cook reassurance of its real co-operation with NATO.Sunday 10th Both Sunday newspapers (Observer and Sunday Telegraph) comprehensively cover the summit with front-page articles and inside page focuses; however the Observer wins the quantity battle. The Telegraph front-page headline sets the trend: â€Å"Blair isolated in EU as Nice turns nasty†. Within the article the RRF is not mentioned while the vetoes, Charter and the re-weighting are analysed. Blair isolation is judged a consequence of his attempt to keep the â€Å"red lines†. There is also space for the Government intention to give up 17 vetoes in order to streamline the EU decision-making process.Still in the Telegraph, for the first time, is mentioned a clause in The Charter (article 7) deemed as â€Å"further embarrassment to Blair† (â€Å"Blair threatens to†¦Ã¢â‚¬ ) which gives the EU the power to investigate, censor and recommend a change in the law, to countries considered in breach of fundamental rights. The Charter is further criticised in a separate article for its moral and religious values. Several high rank ecclesiastics define it as â€Å"Godless† and â€Å"a way to make easier for homosexual couples to adopt children† (â€Å"Catholic Bishops say†¦Ã¢â‚¬ ).The problems arisen by the EU re-weighting are seen as a blessing to Blair who, thank to them, hides his difficulties. The Observer front-page headline â€Å"British police for Euro army† counterba lances the Telegraph, giving ample coverage to the RRF. The accent shifts, presenting it as a police force rather than an army. The â€Å"red lines† feature with a difference angle as well: Sweden is seen as backing Blair on tax and social security, and the PM voices, for the first time, his intention to drop national veto on immigration. Charter and the re-weighting are covered in a re-cap article on page 5. The focuses are different in angle and size.The Sunday Telegraph devotes a page, covering every issue in a chronological order of discussion (RRF, Charter, veto, re-weighting). Blair isolation is emphasised, and his interpretation of the summit, is ridiculed â€Å"Mr Blair can give an interpretation to the British people. That does not mean that the rest of us have to believe it† (Here is a Nice mess†). In this case it is attributed to a diplomat and refers to the Charter, but, according to The Telegraph, it could be applied to every issue. RRF and Charter a re presented as carrying a hidden agenda, which will lead to a EU army and a constitution.Blair handling is considered weak and partially saved by general chaos. Symptomatic is the closing sentence: â€Å"It was an unhappy summit for Mr Blair†¦ but he was not alone at Nice there were no winners†. The Observer focus owes its title, †Europe- the elephant test† to Hague:â€Å"If it look like an elephant and sounds like an elephant then, it is an elephant you re dealing with†. It relies on pro-European academics to highlight a new vision of superstate, shaped by globalisation. â€Å"European identity is already being shaped by a globalisation of culture as a shared sense of European values ».This cultural aspect seems to be The Observer starting point. Its reasoning builds on with the ineluctability of the process â€Å"we live in a world where layers of governance overlap† says Hobsbawm, while Prodi (EU Commission president) stresses â€Å"It i s the only way our nations can express themselves in a globalised world†. There is not a conclusive definition of superstate; it vaguely states that it is a new entity, different to anything seen before. The report lacks comments from anti-European academics. The editorials do not leave space to misinterpretation.The Sunday Telegraph titles it â€Å"alone again† and labels the Government European politics as naive. The Observer instead gives voice to Palmer (Director of European Policy Centre) who advocates a closer European integration (â€Å"Europe not amused†¦Ã¢â‚¬ ). Monday 11th The main daily issue is the re-weighting. Prominence is equal but the Guardian gives more coverage. The tone remains the same with the Telegraph portraying the difficulties of reaching a decision, while The Guardian applauds Blair for its success. The respective headlines mirror the core of the articles. â€Å"EU leaders scrambles to fix a deal† prints the Telegraph on its fron t page.It concentrates on the squabble and difficulty of the re-weighting procedure using quotes from state’s PM. Words as chaos and crises are repeated. Worth noticing, in the same article the concession to Blair for holding to the â€Å"red lines†, even if the PM is reported saying that due to Tory pressure â€Å"he had no space for manoeuvre†. Inside page articles keep the same tone and issue. A failed appeal to EU leaders by Blair for help in Sierra Leon, makes in print in the Telegraph, while is omitted in The Guardian (â€Å"Blair troops†¦Ã¢â‚¬ ). â€Å"Blair holds on to key vetoes† is The Guardian headline.In this article the recurrent words are victory and triumph. The report uses a much mellower tone in describing the difficulty encountered. The Guardian coverage, in its entirety is more comprehensive with information on EU Parliament seat relocation and on the planning of the Inter-Governmental Conference of 2004; neither reported in The Telegraph. Both editorials criticise the summit but for opposite reasons. The Guardian claims that a superstate is very far. Nice is judged a failure due to politicians, including Blair, too concerns with their domestic interest (â€Å"Naughty Nice†).The Telegraph says that Nice has failed in its main objective (enlargement) and labels it as a â€Å"federalising treaty that has taken giant strides towards closer integration† (â€Å"The reality of Nice†). The Telegraph editorial line is mirrored in the â€Å"letter to the editor†: Mr Garrod preoccupation that a future European superstate would suffer the fate of Yugoslavia and Soviet Union gets published. The Sun coverage is good but fails in prominence (pages 8 and 9). The leading article (â€Å"Fiasco in France†) deals with the difficulties of the re-weighting, blaming Chirac.An increase in the number of EU commissioners and MEP are reported (overlooked in the broadsheet). A separate article credi ts Blair for holding on to vetoes. Plaudits to the PM are also mentioned in the editorial, even if it is considered only a won battle in a long war. EU difficulties are the core issue in the commentary (â€Å"40 years of Euro†¦Ã¢â‚¬ ) in which the lack of popular consent for integration is seen as the main reason of failure. Tuesday 12TH Prominence and coverage is similar with the braoasheet now using the summit as an election’s tool. The Telegraph’s headline â€Å"Blair sold us short in Nice† denounces an unsatisfactory outcome.In it Hague reinforce his point of â€Å"major steps towards a EU susperstate† and pledges not to ratify the treaty, if elected. The possibility of a referendum to decide on it is also mentioned in a further article (â€Å"Tories would put†¦Ã¢â‚¬ ) where comments from Conservatives are only partially balanced by a sentence from Kennedy (LD). QMV and re-weighting are well covered on page 4. Mentioned also are â€Å"e nhanced co-operation† (possibility for members who want further integration to go ahead) and â€Å"demographic bar† (second majority required for decision making in EU council of ministers based on percentage of EU’s population).Worth noticing that this percentage is reported at 62% by the three newspapers and 74. 6 by the bbcnews. com Charter and RRF are neglected. The Guardian titles â€Å"Tories left floundering by EU deal† and looks at the election in buoyant mood. The summit is seen as a Blair victory in a further article (â€Å"Blair balancing act †¦Ã¢â‚¬ ) in which the use of a picture gives the PM and his aids an almost heroic look. Interesting is the assumption by Blair that it is the Conservatives who are politically isolated in Europe.Re-weighting and â€Å"red lines† are analysed with predominantly pro-European comments. Blair vision of â€Å"inter-governmental† Europe (decision making held by a core of nations and not the EU institution) is deemed closer (mentioned also in The Telegraph). The Telegraph’s commentary is even handed (â€Å"Blair battle tale†¦Ã¢â‚¬ ). Worries of a closer EU integration are balanced with approval of Blair handling of â€Å"red lines† and RRF. The Guardian instead goes as far as to regrets Blair for not daring more (â€Å"Nice enough†) The Sun uses a picture to effectively illustrate the summit ‘s marathon (page 2).It criticise Blair presumed guilty of having agreed to a treaty, which gives â€Å"more bureaucracy, secrecy and dodgier decision making† (â€Å"What Blair has†¦Ã¢â‚¬ ). The editorial credits itself as the PM guiding light through the summit, and claims that only its pressure has prevented Blair to agree to further pro-European movements. The summit’s decisions are covered in an easy to read our losses and gain section. Conclusion Impartiality in the UK is demanded of Radio and TV broadcasts. It is enshrined in their codes of conduct and enforced by their respective controlling bodies.Due impartiality and prominence have to be achieved as a legal requirement (Public Broadcast Act, 1990). There is not such a requirement for newspapers. The National Union Of Journalist solicits journalist â€Å"to strive that the information disseminated is fair and accurate† (NUJ code of conduct 29/06/1994), but does not mention any duty to political independence. Furthermore the Press Complaint Commission states that newspapers are free to be partisan (PCC Code of Conduct December 1999) On this basis, it is without surprise that the conclusion of this report is that â€Å"objectivity† in the newspapers analysed has not been achieved.Editorials are clear in their political stance, with articles only seldom contradicting it. Reports are given different spins and angle, which result in biased information. Comments from political figure get different prominence depending on the paper orientat ion. Worth mentioning is that journalistic objectivity has been further damaged since publishing has been incorporated in a globalised financial world. The system derived from this development is based on oligopoly and cross ownership, which are two more stumbling block for editorial independence. This scenario leaves little space to ethical, idealistic code of conducts.In supporting my conclusion I would use R. Fowler comments that news is not a natural phenomenon but a product of an industry, and therefore shaped by bureaucratic, economic structures, government and political organisations (Mac Nair B. , 1999, 36). Bibliography The Guardian Friday 8th December 2000 †¢ Black I. , M. White and R. Norton Taylor â€Å"Chirac widens split on defence† (Page 1) †¢ Henley J. , â€Å"Police injured as street riots greets leaders† (Page 6) †¢ Black I. , â€Å"East grows tired of waiting game† (Page 7) †¢ Comment section â€Å"Fortress Europe† à ¢â‚¬ ¢ Wodlacott M. , â€Å"France versus the mighty Americans†The Telegraph Friday 8th December 2000 †¢ Jones G. , A. Evans-Pritchard â€Å"Chirac angers Blair by backing EU army† (Pages 1 and 2) †¢ Evans-Pritchard A. â€Å"Don’t mess with our tax veto, Blair tells EU allies† (Page 4) †¢ Jones G. A. Evans-Pritchard â€Å"Irish Commissioner says basic rights charter is badly drafted† (Page 4) †¢ La Guarda A. â€Å"Tear gas and riots greet Europe leaders† (Page 5) The Sun Friday 8th December 2000 †¢ Kavanagh T. †Blair has to turn nasty at Nice talks† (Page 1) †¢ Kavanagh T. â€Å"Blair war on Chirac† (Pages 8 and 9) †¢ The Sun says section â€Å"Tory on trial† (Page 8)The Guardian Saturday 9th December 2000 †¢ White M. , I. Black â€Å"Blair feels heat over EU vetoes† (Pages 1 and 2) †¢ Cole P. â€Å"Tale of two Britain and two summits† (Page 6) †¢ Black I. â€Å"Chirac gives way in row with Blair over NATO† (Page 7) The Telegraph Saturday 9th December 2000 †¢ Evans-Pritchard A. , G. Jones â€Å"Blair deserted by EU allies in veto struggle† (Page 1) †¢ La Guardia A. â€Å"Euro force still cause of division† (Page 11) The Sun Saturday 9th December 2000 †¢ Kavanagh T. , P. Gilfeather â€Å"Chirac rips up the rule book† (Page 2) †¢ Kavanagh T. â€Å"Sounding the retreat Y† (Page 2)The Observer Sunday 10th December 2000 †¢ Ahmes K. , D. Staunton â€Å"British police for Euro army† (Pages 1 and 2) †¢ Ahmed K. , D. Staunton â€Å"How it turned nasty at Nice† (Page 5) †¢ Palmer J. â€Å"Europe not amused by this French farce† (Page 5) †¢ Beumont P. , D. Staunton and A. Osborn â€Å"Europe – the elephant test† (Pages 16 and 17) †¢ Comment section â€Å"Europe will never be a superstate† (Page 28) The Sunday Telegraph 10 th December 2000 †¢ Murphy J. , J. Coman â€Å"Blair isolated in EU as Nice turns nasty† (Pages 1 and 4) †¢ Petre J. â€Å"Catholic bishops say EU charter ignores God† (Page 4) †¢ Murphy J. , J.Coman â€Å"Here is a Nice mess† (Page 20) †¢ Comment section â€Å"Alone again† †¢ Murphy J. , J. Coman â€Å"Blair threatens to wreck treaty over tax policies† (Page 4) The Guardian Monday 11th December 2000 †¢ Black I. , M. White â€Å"Blair holds on to UK’s key vetoes† (Page 1) †¢ Black I. â€Å"Europe’s big four pull rank on minnows† (Page 4) †¢ Black I. â€Å"Focus turns to power split† (Page 4) †¢ Comment section â€Å"Naughty at Nice† †¢ Hope C. â€Å"Jeaux sans frontiers† (G2 Section Pages 8 and 9) The Telegraph Monday 11th December 2000 †¢ Evans-Pritchard A. , G. Jones â€Å"EU leaders scramble to fix a deal† (Page 1) †¢ Jones J. A. E vans-Pritchard â€Å"A marathon with jostling all the way† (Page 4) †¢ Evans-Pritchard A. , â€Å"Vote grab by the Big Five leaves smaller states outgunned and outraged† (Page 4) †¢ Mc Smith A. â€Å"Blair troops appeal fails† (Page 4) †¢ Comment section â€Å"The reality of Nice† (Page 19) †¢ Letter to the Editor â€Å"Swift victory on Euro army may be Pyrrhic† (Page 19) The Sun Monday 11th December 2000 †¢ Kavanagh T. â€Å"Fiasco in France† (Pages 8 and 9) †¢ Kavanalagh T. â€Å" 40 years of Euro waffle†¦ now reality sets in† (Pages 8 and 9) The Guardian Tuesday12th December 2000 †¢ White M. , I.Black â€Å"Tories left floundering by EU deal† (Pages 1 and 2) †¢ Black I. â€Å"How big powers won big benefits† (Page 6) †¢ Henley J. â€Å"Europe points finger at Chirac† (Pages 6) †¢ White M. â€Å"Blair balancing act tips election scales† (Page 7) †¢ Young H. â€Å"Everyone was a winner at the battle of Nice† (Page 24) †¢ Comment section â€Å"Nice enough† The Telegraph Tuesday 12th December 2000 †¢ Jones G. â€Å"Blair sold us short at Nice says Hague† (Page 1) †¢ Jones G. â€Å"Blair’s battle tales hide truth of victory† (Page 4) †¢ Evans-Pritchard A. â€Å"Germany becomes first among equals† (Page 4) †¢ Helm T. H. Quetterville â€Å"Schroder hailed for back door coup† (Page 4) †¢ Kallenbach M. â€Å"Tories would put new treaty to a referendum† (Page 14) The Sun Tuesday 12th December 2000 †¢ Kavanagh T. â€Å"What Blair has really given us† (Page 2) †¢ The Sun say section â€Å"Blair owes us† (Page 8) †¢ Kavanagh T. â€Å"French farce† (Page 8) †¢ htpp://www. bbcnews. com â€Å"EU Guidelines† (07 December 2000) †¢ htpp://www. bbcnews. com â€Å"EU Summit at a glance† (12 December 2000) †¢ htpp://www. bbcnews. com â€Å"EU Analysis† (11 December 2000) Background Reading †¢ Curren J. , J. Seaton (1991) Power without responsibility.The press and broadcasting in Britain. London, Routledge †¢ Mc Nair B. , (1999) News and Journalism in the UK. New York, Routledge †¢ Wilson J. , (1996) Understanding Journalism. London, Routledge †¢ Stevenson N. , (1999) The transformation of the Media. Globalisation, morality and ethics. New York, Pearson Education Ltd. †¢ Branston G. , R. Stafford, (1991) The Media Student’s Book London, Routledge Material supplied by TVU †¢ Hilton A. , (1996) Report Writing London, Kogan Page Ltd †¢ UK Press Complaint Commission Code of Practise. †¢ ITC Guidelines. †¢ BBC Editorial’s Values. †¢ NUJ Code of Conduct

Who Invented Catseye Road Studs - Percy Shaw

Percy Shaw (1890-1976) was an English inventor best known for inventing cats eye road studs in 1934. Cats eyes are the road reflectors which help drivers see the road in the fog or at night. In 1947, British Labor Junior Transport Minister Jim Callaghan introduced cats eyes on British roads. Percy Shaw Manufacturer and inventor Percy Shaw was born on April 15, 1890, in Halifax, England. After attending the Boothtown boarding school, Percy Shaw began working as a laborer at a blanket mill at the age of thirteen, however, he studied shorthand and bookkeeping at night school. He started a repair business with his father fixing rollers, which evolved into a path and driveway building business. He designed a miniature motorized roller to aid him in building driveways and paths.​ Cats Eye Road Studs The area in which Percy Shaw lived was prone to fog and the local roads were often hazardous for motorists. Shaw decided to invent reflecting studs that would be set into the surface of unlit roads. He was inspired by the reflection of car headlights in road signs. In fact, he based the idea on another invention—reflective road signs that had been patented in 1927. Percy Shaw patented his Maltese cross-shaped road studs (U.K patent #436,290 and #457,536) and trademarked the name Cats Eye. He formed the Reflecting Roadstuds Ltd to manufacture the new road studs. However, sales were sluggish until the Ministry of Transport mandated Catseyes for British roads.